Emerging Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

Abstract

The rapid emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens have become a critical challenge to global health, threatening the effectiveness of current antimicrobial therapies. While classical mechanisms of resistance—such as enzymatic degradation, efflux pumps, and target modification—remain significant, recent studies have identified a range of emerging and novel resistance strategies. These include plasmid-mediated resistance genes like mcr-1, CRISPR-Cas regulatory systems, small regulatory RNAs, and phage-mediated gene transfers, many of which contribute to the dynamic evolution of resistance. Environmental and clinical factors, including antibiotic misuse in healthcare and agriculture, inadequate sanitation, and global mobility, further exacerbate the spread of resistant strains. Advanced diagnostic tools, particularly genomic and bioinformatic platforms, have enhanced our ability to detect resistance traits, but equitable access to these technologies remains limited. To combat this escalating crisis, innovative therapeutic approaches such as phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, and gene-targeted treatments are being explored. A unified One Health strategy that integrates surveillance, stewardship, and cross-sector collaboration is essential. This paper reviews the current landscape of resistance mechanisms in MDR pathogens, highlights key environmental and clinical drivers, and discusses strategic interventions necessary to preserve antibiotic efficacy and safeguard future public health.